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Faith and Vocation-Child and Family Services Coursework

Confidence and Vocation-Child and Family Services - Coursework Example I have a solid occupation for kid and family benefits since this f...

Saturday, August 31, 2019

Behavioral Risk Factors

There are presumably various predators towards the health issues within the society. As much as some of them are unprecedented, it is with deep concern that we can describe the role of the family on influencing and determining the aspect of health to its members.The natural setting of the family which comprises both the social, economic and cultural factors has a lot in determining the levels of risk in health of its members. The ingredient and lifestyle of the family setup plays a predominant role in determining the risk levels of the family.The social economic and cultural dispensations held by the family determines how the family is depended on the various sets of control measures such as dietary, physical exercise, family related health implications and the scores of preventive measures that govern the family (David, et al, 1998) Generally, the supportive ingredient for complimentary and alternative medicine for therapeutic response of many health related issues is modeled and go verned by the response of various family related precepts.The levels of education, region of family residence, family income, status of education and other sociodemographic factors are highly influential. However, their control and governance is modeled by the role of the family within its social setup in the society. Through the threshold of the family influence, various complimentary and alternative medicine factors such as using appropriate diet to control diseases and ailments, procurement to physical exercise, social controls arises.These are aimed at avoiding the negative influence towards behaviors such as drug use and abuse and engagement in morally health behaviors in support of good health that has been of necessity in control of health risk within the family setup. The social context of the family plays a predominant role in shaping the nature of health risks for its members. This is the social function of the family in control of the health of its members (David, et al, 1998)The origin and backgrounds of various ill-health and complications are determined by the state of the family as a control variable. The strength of the family in terms of income, level of education to its members, social stabilities such as stress controls, search for preventive attentions to health problems and the setup in its general medical attention governs the levels of risks in health related aspects.According to a research done on the relationship between socioeconomic factors and the response towards mortality and health behaviors of the family, positive results showed that the general setup of the family in terms of its commitment to health regulation through physical fitness, adequate diet and social influence were important in determining the levels of health related issues.As of great importance, the socioeconomic dimensions of the family are therefore implicit in determining the levels of its health matters for the family members. Reference David, R, et al (1998) Socioeconomic Factors, Health Behaviors, and Mortality. Journal of Pediatrics.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Psychological studies Essay

Culture bias is a term which covers several types of bias in psychology. It can be used to refer to judgements and prejudices about certain cultures, or methodological biases which lead to such biased conclusions. For example, although a method of research may be developed and found to be reliable in one culture, the same may not be true in another. Culture bias in methodology prevents us from being able to identify innate behaviour in cross-cultural research. One type of culture bias is ethnocentrism, which is the tendency to use one’s own culture as a basis for judgements about others. Eurocentrism, ethnocentrism from the perspective of Western cultures, is particularly widespread in modern Psychology, as it is commonplace for findings based solely on, for example, American participants to be generalised to people across the globe. The relevance of psychological research carried out in Western countries to the wider world is questionnable. A large amount of this issue is a result of methodology. Because mundane realism and ecological validities have so much effect on the generalisation of findings, in order for findings to be relevant across cultures, the methodology must hold these characteristics no matter which culture it is carried out in. Failure to do so may lead to false conclusions, which by definition hinder the main goal of Psychology; that is, the ability to understand human behaviour. A prominent piece of research that often receives attention for its culture bias is that of Ainsworth & Bell (1970). The ‘strange situation’ research method used in their study of infant attachments, and their subsequent conclusions, have received criticism for eurocentrism. The strange situation is used to observe levels of distress and other behaviours in an infant upon, for example, separation from a parent. This may itself be culture biased because of its individualist nature. If an infant is used to interaction with others, like in Israeli kibbutzim, then separation from a parent will be much less stressful in the ‘strange situation’; but this may not imply that the infant is less attached to its parent. The classifications drawn by Ainsworth & Bell are also culturally biased, because they explicitly state which type of attachment is desirable (secure) and which types are undesirable (insecure). This, combined with the eurocentrism of the methodology itself, has led to parenting styles and infant attachments in some cultures to be mislabelled as inferior to those of the United States, and yet no significant negative effects related to attachments have been observed in such cultures. Another study frequently criticised for eurocentrism is Milgram’s (1963) study into obedience, in which participants were deceived into believing that they were required to administer high-voltage electric shocks to a confederate. In a Smith & Bond’s (1998) comparison of replications of the same study in different cultures, it was shown that there were differences between cultures in how many people obeyed the researcher in the experiment. For example, 65% of Americans, compared with 85% of Germans, 40% of Australian males, 16% of Australian females and 62% of Jordanians conformed. This indicates cultural differences, meaning that the Milgram’s conclusions may hold cultural bias; but at the same time such cultural differences may not actually exist. It may be that the research method is not suitable for all of the cultures, or that the research method was carried out in different ways in different cultures. The method used was criticised for being unrepresentative of real life in Western cultures, and so it is likely that it is also unrepresentative of real life in other cultures (such as that of Jordan), or even that the differences between the research environment and real life as even more significant in other cultures. We cannot be sure about the members of these cultures until such differences are ruled out. Many theories have also been criticised for their culturally biased nature. Economic exchange theories of relationship development and maintenance particularly fall under this category, as, according to Moghaddam (1998), they only apply to Western relationships, and even then only to people in short-term relationships and with high mobility. It may be that relationship theories such as this apply only to individualist cultures and are not suitable for describing relationships in collectivist cultures. However, placing a culture on the ‘individualism-collectivism continuum’ is not as easy as first thought. In relationship theories, the US if often cited as an individualist culture and Japan as a collectivist culture; but when Takano & Osaka (1999) reviewed 15 studies to compare the two nations, only 14 studies supported the distinction. This indicates that even relationship theories which allow for differences between individualist and collectivist cultures are biased because they underestimate the role of situational factors and overestimate that of personal characteristics when analysing of behaviour. Another theory frequently noted for its culture bias is Kohlberg’s (1976) theory of moral understanding. This stage theory describes morality from a very Western, democratic perspective. However, these morals may not be held in other parts of the world, meaning that the theory may lack relevance in the wider world. When Snarey (1985) studied traditional village societies, only the first four stages from Kohlberg’s theory were found to be present, with the stage post-conventional reasoning being completely absent. On fact, it was fount that many moral judgements from some cultures did not fit into any of Kohlberg’s stages, suggesting that his theory does not account for other forms of reasoning.

American football and Hard Work Essay

He was born to play football, someone who is 270 pounds and five percent body fat and only 19 years old and could go anywhere to play football. He went to a big ten college, Michigan. Now Elwood Reid was a man of hard work and discipline and would never give up. He worked hard ever single play from whistle to whistle. Even when he was in server pain he would never give up because he didn’t want to be called a quitter. Now there were two parts to Reid, one part of him wanted to belong or fit in with the team or be one of the â€Å"fellas†. Reid went to parties and he drank beer and liquor and did all the bad stuff just to fit in. The second part of him loved to read books and enjoyed going to class but never want to be himself. He ended up beating his body to the end and could no longer play. So after college he moved to Alaska to get away from football and start a new life, Therefore, Football is the best way to learn self discipline and character. Football Is also is a great way of learning what hard work means and in order to put hard work in you have to be able to put your body on the line. Now don’t think football is just a sport for hitting people and putting your body in pain, you can also make friends for the rest of your life and it also teaches life lessons. From the age of three years old I was brought up with the idea that football is everything. My dad had me in the backyard throwing a football that was bigger than my head. From the first time I ever stepped out on the practice field I was always told â€Å"boys, now in order to be a notable player you have to have discipline, show hard work and have character†. That saying stayed with me to this day and now I’m in college playing football and it will be there all my life. You have to have discipline when listening to what your coach teaches you what you have to learn to be great player. You have to have discipline watching the ball and not jumping off sides. Hard work ties in with discipline as well, I would stay after practice to catch balls and run routes because I wanted to be the best. Even on the weekends when nothing was going on I would be at some field running and getting better. â€Å"Domination through hard work man† for the coach of the big ten school. I have this one saying as well and it goes â€Å"The harder you work, the harder it is to surrender†. Basically this makes me work hard and do the things I’m suppose to do while on and off the field. If everyone on a team has discipline, character and hard work you can have a successful team full of champions. Now I somewhat agree with Reid, but sometimes things go way too far. This has to do a lot with character. My old high school coach school would say â€Å"what are you doing when nobody is looking†. I would go to a party and wonder sometimes, â€Å"dang I wonder what Coach Ru would say right now†. See now, Reid, when he would go to a party he always thought† I should be doing this right now†, I should probably leave†, but then he wouldn’t be part of the â€Å"fellas†. Now this is where its wrong just because someone else is doing it doesn’t mean you have to do it too. This is basically saying if Billy jumps then I will. When I was out somewhere and something felt wrong I was always thinking what would happen if I got in trouble it could affect my family and my team. I mean I went out and partied but did it under control. The point I am trying to make is just do what feels right to you and be yourself. You throw on your shoulder pads, put on your helmet and tie your shoes and your ready to play, hit and get hit. Reid was right about everything, you play with pain because if you don’t you will be called a quitter. I’ve learned to play with pain because football is a sport in which you’re going to get hurt. You’re throwing your body into people, getting knocked down. For example here at Catawba College there is always someone getting hurt during practice. Either it’s a hurt shoulder, hurt knee or getting the wind knocked out of them. But one thing that Elwood is wrong about is that when you get hurt things are more serious here. Coaches don’t call you quitters and team mates don’t make fun of you. When you get hurt here, it’s taken seriously you’re looked at, you have to be in the training room everyday twice a day. My point here is that football is a pain sport but you just have to live with it and except that there is going to be rough times but you just have to get through it. As you can see after what you read about Reid, getting a scholarship to college isn’t easy. But for me it was basically the same thing, I started out my freshman year on junior varsity. I was the starting wide receiver; I made awesome catches and was the best one on the field. I wasn’t the biggest, but have always been the tallest, but what made so good was all the hard work and discipline I had. But the last couple games of the season I got moved up to varsity which was awesome. The next year, my sophomore year, I finally got moved up to varsity at the beginning of the year. I really wasn’t playing so I worked my butt off in practice and it finally came through, by the start of our conference I was starting. Until then I never thought football would take me to college, but after that I was confident. My junior year came and I was all-conference, all-Mecklenburg and my coach was making highlight films and coaches were coming to see me and I was going to camps to showcase my talents. Senior year came and scouts were coming and one coach who really caught my attention was Coach Nick Toth from the Citadel. Citadel would have offered but I got screwed when a five year senior decided to return. It really made me mad, but when adversity is put in your way, you just have to stomp right over it. So here I am at Catawba now, on a full scholarship and I love everything about it. I am proof that you can be an individual and do what you love at the same time.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Humanities - Essay Example However, Realism as an art movement does not focus merely on the beautiful sceneries of the society but rather on the ugly manifestations that has an impact on the political, social and moral features of the society. Realist movement chose to paint common, ordinary, sometimes ugly images rather than the stiff, conventional pictures favored by upper-class society. The thought of this art movement is still in use today. Not just in art but in the whole system of our community; from politics, to religion, to literature and many more. If there is one thing that we should learn from this movement, it is the idea of expressing our thoughts in many ways and how we could reach and affect people’s perspective in the society in a more unique way. Realism presents the most relatable material to its spectators in the art and literary world of writing as it allows readers to connect on several levels associating it with their own personal lives. If I have to choose an artist that is worth discussing, that would be the famous Leonardo da Vinci. Many people say that the way Da Vinci painted seems as if you could see into the souls of the paintings. Da Vinci, as a painter, architect, sculpturer, engineer and geologist presented a different attitude towards his works which is one of the reasons why most people appreciate him as a person. Mona Lisa and Last Supper were two of his most famous works that attracted millions of people around the world and even adopted his concept in arts. Mona Lisa which he worked on from 1503 to 1506 and The Last Supper which also took him 2 years to finish (1495 to 1497) presented his patience throughout his works. Most of us only knew him as a painter, but what makes Leonardo more interesting is that behind his famous works and admired reputation, he is a troubled man. Leonardo da Vinci was known to suffer from dyslexia- a learning disability that can hinder

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Population growth and the degradation of the environment Essay

Population growth and the degradation of the environment - Essay Example In our case this is because the relationship between human population growth and wildlife extinctions is not always direct. We are a species with an insatiable appetite for resources, and we sometimes use them irresponsibly. Thus, it could be argued, what we do and how we survive may be more important to our impact on other species than the simple effect of our great numbers. Thus we need solid evidence to establish that, over the broad sweep of time, there is a close tie between the simple count of people on the planet and the diminishing count of other species. In other words, the impact of our large population would be great even if we were to behave differently. If there is such a link, then it is particularly frightening, for there are now over six billion people on the planet. Nature has been "comparatively sparing" in the space and resources necessary to support both wildlife and a human population. Malthus was the economist who warned us in 1798 that the human population would grow more quickly than the resources necessary to sustain it. Now I know that Malthus and his ideas have been much maligned over the years by optimists who see no problem with human population growth. Thus in 1998, the two hundredth anniversary of his publication went almost without notice. The following year, the milestone number of A.D. 2000 got much more press than another milestone number: six billion, the number the human population reached sometime midway through the year. Granted, both are arbitrary numbers. But to a few of us concerned scientists, the population milestone was far more frightening than the computer glitches predicted for "Y2K." Y2K had almost no effect; the six billion figure has a lasting and growing impact. Yet few people noticed the milestone, and even f ewer cared. Human population growth is outstripping resources, especially as it relates to the sustainability of earth's biodiversity. As Ohio novelist and conservationist Louis Bromfield put it in 1947, "The bitter truth is that we are having our noses rubbed in Malthusian theory." It is even truer today than it was then, for our population Human population growth is outstripping resources, especially as it relates to the sustainability of earth's biodiversity. As Ohio novelist and conservationist Louis Bromfield put it in 1947, "The bitter truth is that we are having our noses rubbed in Malthusian theory". It is even truer today than it was then, for our population size has since doubled. Many of the world's population live in poor countries already strained by food insecurity; inadequate sanitation, water supplies and housing; and an inability to meet the basic needs of the current population. These same countries are also among the fastest growing places in the world. A large proportion of these populations are supported through subsistence agriculture. As populations grow, competition for fertile land and the use of limited resources increases. The people living in these countries are also moving toward a greater standard of living, perhaps matching the lifestyles of the more developed countries whose current consumption patterns and resource use are not necessarily sustainable. Quite simply, if we want to conserve biodiversity on earth, the most important conservation measure we can take is to slow or halt the growth of the human population. Frankly, a reduction in numbers from six billion may even be desirable. Now

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

GEMOLOGY AND MATERIALS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GEMOLOGY AND MATERIALS - Essay Example The crystals were of high quality and displayed dramatic color changes and vivid hues. The mineral also caught people’s attention as it reflected the imperial Russian flag. It became a national stone and was thought to have mystical powers. The Ural mountain deposits, however, did not last long and was later sourced from countries such as Brazil, Sri Lanka, and East Africa. Russia, however, remains as the primary source of the Gemstone (Schreiber, 2003). As stated above, Alexandrite is sourced from several regions apart from Russia. The Ural deposits were thought to be no more in 1980 and interests in the Gemstone decreased gradually. The situation, however, changed in 1987 when its deposits were found in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Brazilian Alexandrite also showed distinctive color changes. The Gemstone is also sourced from Sri Lanka, but its hues are not of high quality. Since 1990, Tunduru area in Tanzania has also been a source of outstanding Alexandrite Gemstones. Other sources include areas in Zimbabwe, Burma, India, and Madagascar (Schreiber, 2003). Although all Alexandrite Gemstone is elegant, its value lies on its ability to change color. Just like other colored stones, its value is also tied to it color’s degree of saturation and clarity. A stone with modest color changes having attractive and saturated colors is valuable than one who’s colors are browned or grayed and less dramatic. Alexandrite’s low availability, supply, and rarity are all indications of its high value. There are no established price tags for the gemstones because their availability is limited and are hardly found in stores. Starting with India, about 160 locations have been identified and mapped as Alexandrite Gem producing areas. Areas near the Araku Valley, for example, are very rich reserves of Alexandrite. Lack of funding, control by tribesmen and sanctions from the government have hindered mining activities and

Monday, August 26, 2019

English 102 College Poetry assignment Scholarship Essay

English 102 College Poetry assignment - Scholarship Essay Example The poet recognized the suffering and wasted potential, and the threat of violence in Harlem, as the peoples' dreams were deferred. With the last line, he is issuing a warning that injustice and deprivation could result in that explosion. Question 2. "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" Dylan Thomas: I have chosen this because it is full of a passion for life and refuses to accept that death is inevitable. The speaker wants to keep his father alive (it was written when Thomas' father was dying), so it is his voice. His repetition of "Do not go gentle into that good night" and "Rage, rage against the dying of the light" at the end of alternate stanzas, is full of urgent, vibrant vitality; he is willing his father and all who are old, to remember the wonder of life and stay to accomplish more. He includes all kinds of men, "wise men", "good men", "wild men" and "grave men", all qualities his father may have had. I like the way opposites emphasize power and differences: "Light" and "dark", "see" and "blind", "gentle" and "rage" and the auditory and physical imagery in words like ""forked" and "danced", "sang" and "grieved" make the poem pulsate with movement and feeling. The themes of death and loss make the poet angry, and the images are like prizes offered to tempt his father to stay. He would accept anything from his father ""curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears I pray", if only he would stay alive. Thomas rages against death as a waste of the great potential for life in everyone. Question 3. Poet v Speaker: The speaker in "Incident" is a little black boy, recalling a childhood memory, telling it from a child's point of view, with simplicity. The poet was taken to live in Baltimore as a child, so his adult voice recalls the event in the present. In "Those Winter Sundays" the speaker is a grown man, reminiscing on his childhood. He takes us back to memories of his father, expresses the emotions felt then and brings us to the present as an adult. Hayden lived in a situation where his father and mother fought and he was beaten, so he too is the speaker. Theme: The theme of "Incident" is racism, stretching across the years from 1925 Baltimore to the time the poem was written. There is disillusionment and irony too, for at the end, although it is all he can remember, there is something there of having overcome the experience. "Those Winter Sundays" is on the theme of family, and father/son relationships in particular. The speaker/poet looks back at how his father cared for his family, on his one day of rest and how this went unappreciated. Tone: "Incident", despite the simple childish rhyme, is ironic and the beginning and end of the poem add to this. It begins with "glee", then the "Baltimorean" reacting with childish and adult prejudiced response, dispels that joy, and the ending that tells how this has had a lasting impact, "but hey, I am still here to tell the tale" almost, is the ironic twist in the stark racist reality. Hayden's tone is one of regret for failing to understand or appreciate his father's love. He talked about "speaking indifferently to him", but there are signs of danger too, "fearing the chronic angers of that house." The regret is expressed in the final two lines, about "love's austere and lonely offices." Parody on "Poem" by

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Organizational and National Cultures in a Polish-U.S. Joint Venture Essay

Organizational and National Cultures in a Polish-U.S. Joint Venture - Essay Example The Poles believe that only older people have the experience and knowledge to be managers. In addition, it is also more difficult to earn the trust of Poles compared to Americans who are more sociable and trusting. Poles are also more formal in their communication than Americans are while they also expect to have a clear distinction between families and work (Cullen, 2011). In the latter case, they view extra hours at work as being intrusive on their family life. Finally, Polish managers will most likely utilize negative feedback and criticism, instead of giving positive feedback, as a means of motivation. Apply Hofstede’s and the 7d cultural dimension models to explain the cultural differences noted in the case Clearly, the first main difference in Poland is that they possess a power distance society that is higher than in the US. This explains the basis of evaluations or promotions on trustworthiness, while also explaining why they do not like work and seem to accept inequal ity, which, in turn, drives general distrust (Cullen, 2011). The second big difference is that Poland, compared to the US, is a country with high uncertainty avoidance. This helps to explain the reason why Poles value age and seniority. For instance, seniority is used to promote workers, thus reducing uncertainty. Using the 7d model, the first big difference is the neutral dimension. Poland scores highly to provide an explanation for their formal nature. In neutral cultures, people work without revealing feelings or thoughts, while also being under more control. The achievement dimension also varies with lower scores for Poland, explaining why they prefer seniority, as well as their preference for titles (Cullen, 2011). Finally, the difference is critical with regards to internal control with Poland scoring one hundred. This shows their decreased tolerance for volatility and their increased drive to control the environment. Analyze institutional explanations for how the Polish worke rs react to U.S. management style In this case, the most significant explanation involves institutional effects that communism left on Poles and the manner in which it affected its workers. For example, the former communist regimes in Poland saw a dependence on affiliations and connections for success, rather than performance (Cullen, 2011), explaining why they desire to be managers without qualifications. In addition, communist societies oversaw a system that had little or no institutional structures that were meant to guarantee exchange (Cullen, 2011). Therefore, Poles are less trusting of others, preferring to rely on personal affiliations. This low level of trust is also a good explanation for the reason why Poles do not favour teamwork. All new workers in Poland are considered as competition, which makes it difficult to build trust that is, in turn, essential for team building. Finally, the effects of the former communist regime also explain why there is little positive feedbac k between managers and workers. This could also explain their preference for public statements on salaries, which is meant to give them an idea of their status and standing (Cullen, 2011). Recommend the types of cultural adaptations to the U.S. expatriate managers regarding their management styles Working in Poland, expatriate US managers should have more respected for older workers and managers, while also

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Discussion post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion post - Essay Example His criticisms of how Roosevelt was handling this depression and his constant fight for the minority to be given fair wages made him more popular then FDR. This was even included in his principles for the National Union for Social Justice which stated that â€Å"I believe that every citizen willing to work and capable of working shall receive a just, living, annual wage which will enable him both to maintain and educate his family according to the standards of American decency.† All in all, the greatest threat from Coughlin to Roosevelt was because he was a priest and hence majority of the people believed and trusted his doctrines, criticisms and ideologies more than they did that of President Roosevelt. Coughlin was constantly attacking and questioning the faith of Roosevelt through his weekly radio speeches and hence inflicted doubt on the American citizens about their President. This proved to be a major political bow and setback for the

Friday, August 23, 2019

Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homework - Essay Example The procedure of PCR is useful because sometimes, during DNA tests and sampling procedures, more DNA than what is available is required. Biochemists find it very useful when they have large number of replicas of the DNA or nucleotides they are working at. Hence, they do not find it difficult finding the DNA, recognizing it during their experiments, and working with it. Restriction enzymes are used to separate the desired DNS from all others in case PCR is not applicable or recommended. These enzymes cut down segments of genomic DNA at particular nucleotide sites. To separate these DNA fragments, electrophoresis procedures are used. Small diameter capillary array gel electrophoresis provides quicker separation of fragments by the application of electric fields. This technique, which in this case is called pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), involves many ways, one of which is electro elusion which involves the use of multiple electrodes located orthogonally from the agarose gel containing DNA which is sealed in a dialysis tubing containing buffer. Small pulses of alternate current are passed all the way through this gel, which results in gene separation from the gel piece. The DNA is still in the dialysis tubing, so it is easily discoverable. Another way of recovering the DNA from the gel is by using agarase to digest the agarose, which leaves behind the desired DNA which we can separate easily. 16s rRNA gene sequencing is used for the identification of bacteria and studying of bacterial phylogeny and taxonomy. The reasons why DNA sequencing can be used for this purpose are many. First of all, 16s rRNA gene is present in nearly all bacteria. DNA sequences are not found in other organisms. Second, since the functionality of 16s rRNA has not altered with time, this means that we can use its sequence changes as an accurate measure of time or evolution. In other words, when we have to identify a lot of diverse types of organisms, we require two main

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Research proposal - Essay Example In analyzing the data, SPSS program and the Microsoft Excel are in use. The report will then be detrimental to the department and the relevant authorities for the sake of health promotion. The relevant health departments will be informed of the findings for the sake of incorporation in their departments. In men, the urine flow is through the urethra. Enlargement of the prostate gland is likely to blocks urine flow. The urethra narrows, therefore, forcing the urethra to contract forcefully to push urine through. The bladder muscles thicken, becomes stronger and sensitive over time; it, therefore, begins to contract in the presence of a small amount of urine due to its increased sensitivity causing need for frequent urination With time, the bladder muscles become ineffective to pressing out urine due to the narrowed urethra so urine tends to remain in the bladder, and it is completely not emptied. It in the end puts an individual at risk of developing urinary tract infections. Bladder stones, blood in urine, incontinence and acute urinary retention are a few serious problems that can develop over time. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a histologic diagnosis referring to the multiplication of smooth muscle and epithelial cells within the prostatic transition zone. The etiology of BPH is unknown; however, there is a similarity between BPH and the embryonic morphogenesis of the prostate. The lower urinary symptoms have resulted from the enlarged gland. Direct bladder outlet obstruction has resulted to voiding symptoms. The prevalence and severity of lower urinary tract symptoms in aging male population are progressive, and it is, therefore, important the diagnosis in the healthcare of the patient and a large society. Despite the lack of enough information to explain the pathophysiology, BPH is treatable through surgical and medical treatment (Bird et al., 2013, pg. 347). Prostate gland is located within the male reproductive system. The gland is just

Gravitational energy Essay Example for Free

Gravitational energy Essay This is the gravitational energy lost by the jumper and when plotted, this graph should be linear. I could plot these on the same axis the point where the two graphs intersect is the extension at which the jumper comes to rest. Unfortunately my Eel-extension graph did not turn out as expected in a nice smooth curve but was instead all over the place and would not intersect g=mg(l+x) at all. To correct this I plotted the cumulative elastic energy against extension giving me the desired curve. Predicting the launch height In theory the point at which to two graphs meet should show the extension at which the jumper comes to rest. I must find the extension where the lines intersect, this can be done from reading off the graph. X=0. 61m To get the appropriate height of the jump for the Lego figure I must add the unstretched length of the chord to the extension where the lines intersect. h=l+x h=0. 5+0. 61 h=1. 11m Jumping from this height would mean the jumper would just skim the floor. The aim is to come within a safe distance of the floor so to get a safe- adjusted height I must add 0. 08m to my launch height. Safe height=1. 11+0. 08 Safe height=1. 19m Analysis According to my graph the point at which the two lines cross and hence the extension at which my Lego figure comes to rest is 0. 61m. Assuming the jumper starts from rest, the launch height for the jumper just to hit the floor will be 0. 5+0. 61=1. 11m. My graph shows no anomalies and both my lines are very smooth showing that the experiment has been carried out to a high degree of accuracy, however they are not plotted quite far enough for me to take a completely accurate reading from the graph of where the two lines intersect. In order to take the reading at all I have had to carry on my lines of best fit further than the points on the graph. When the predicted launch height was tested (not including the 0. 08m safety measure) the figure just hit the ground. When the safety adjusted height was used the jumper reached the bottom of the jump 0. 06m from the ground. This shows that without the safety adjustment the jumper fell 1. 13m showing my predicted launch height of 1. 11m was fairly accurate being only 0. 02m out. Percentage error = 1. 13 1. 11 1. 13 The use of triangles on the force extension graph when it was in fact curved led to small errors, the line was curved both inward and outward however most likely cancelling each other out leading to a fairly accurate total Eel.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

International Development Policy

International Development Policy Political, economical and social development of developing countries has been a high priority on the global agenda. International development policy has gained momentum as issues such as poverty in some developing countries have been increasingly linked to global security issues such as terrorism. Global policy in regards to development has become more prevalent through the increase of international organizations and institutions. However, international development policy and its perceived importance to national economic, political and social growth within developing states has become a strongly debated issue. From the United Nations Millennium Development Goals to more regional and bilateral initiatives, development has remained a salient global issue. In recent decades, the focus of international development has shifted from economic to human development and from structural to sustainable development. Despite the various methods used of stimulating international development, Offici al Development Assistance (ODA) continues to be essential to many developing states. It can be argued that for this reason that institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which formulate and implement policy in relation to ODA, continue to have an increasing influence on developing states. In the last decades, an international development policy shift has taken place from structural adjustment programs focusing on economic reform and market-orientated policies to sustainable development incorporating social and environmental reform and human-orientated policies. One region greatly influenced by international development policy has been those developing states on the African continent. Many sub-Saharan states in Africa have been plagued by underdevelopment and continue to be heavily dependent on ODA. Despite reaping some benefits from the rapid economic growth in Asia and new economic partnerships with some BRIC states, most of the states in Africa continue to struggle with underdevelopment. Africa is a continent with enormous potential in both natural and human capital yet suffers from widespread poverty and human deprivation. The continent has the world’s highest proportion of poor, 46 %, and is home to more than 30% of the worlds poor (Cheru 2008, p.6). Despit e various development initiatives such as the Lagos Plan of Action for Economic Development of Africa, Africa’s Programme for Economic Recovery, the African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programme for Socio-Economic Recovery and Transformation, the Three Year Priority Programme for Survival, Rehabilitation of African Economies, the African Charter for Popular Participation for Development and the Compact for Africa’s Recovery, Africa’s developmental gains have been marginal. Africa’s problematic of underdevelopment has been blamed on exogenous factors such The post-World War II international system has increasingly witnessed more international and regional integration in addition to the rise of powerful non-state actors such as international , regional and transnational organizations. Organizations such as the United Nations, the African Union, various Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) and multinational corporations (MNCs) are increasingly playing a more important role in the international system. The institutionalizing of liberal policies within states through international financial institutions indicates the increasing influence non-state actors have on state affairs and sovereignty. Therefore, globalization and the role of key international non-state actors has become a reality. Not only has the number of international organizations increased exponentially since the post -war period, the scope and regulating power has accordingly also increased. For instance, there are international organizations for international trade (World Trade Organization, G8, G20), finance and foreign aid(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Bank, IMF, African Development Bank), health (World Health Organization), law (International Court of Justice, International Criminal Court, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and Special Courts and Chambers for Sierra Leone, Cambodia, Lebanon), law enforcement (Interpol, Europol), humanitarian aid (International Red Cross and Red Crescent), migration (UNHCR), labor (International Labor Organization) and environment (UNEP) to name but a few! This excludes the additional formation of regional blocs for dealing with security (NATO, ECOWAS) and economic competitiveness within the global trade system such as NAFTA and many of Africa’s Regional Economic Communities (RECs). This plethora of international and regional organizations has not simply served to deal with or regulate transnational iss ues without affecting state sovereignty. Supranational regional organizations such as the European Union (EU) indicate that states have voluntarily relinquished some sovereignty for the overpowering interest of mutual gain. International â€Å"The governance indicators establish a discursive field of state legitimacy and normalcy and ‘responsibilises’ states: construct them as ethical actors that are capable of correct and responsible choices and policies† (Lowenheim 2008: 255) The use of global governance indicators is a means by which donors of official development assistance (ODA) can allocate scarce resources to what are perceived to be â€Å"effective† governments in developing countries. Ineffective governments in developing countries, which create rent-seeking activities, are seen as less desirable for the allocation of these scarce resources. Global indicators can, therefore, be used to assist donors in their decision-making for the allocation of aid to recipient states. Global institutions have an increasing tendency to rate and rank the governance capacities and performances of states. This practice of ranking and rating has increased significantly in the last few decades. The UNDP has identified at least 130 performance indices of which 80% had been created between 1991 and 2005 (Bandura 2005: 5). Each of these indices rank and assess country performance in such aspects as openness, competitiveness, governance, development, health, education, human rights, security, globalization among others. World Governance Indicators for Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa To examine the trend in quality of governance in each of the three case studies, aggregate indicators for Voice and Accountability (V A), Political Stability and Absence of Violence (PSAV), Government Effectiveness (GE), Regulatory Quality (RQ) and Rule of Law (RoU) have been used from the World Governance Indicators (WGI) index. The WGI uses a scale between 2.5 to -2.5 where 2.5 indicates a high 41  quality of governance. The selected time frame used is from 2002 to 2011 (data was unavailable for 2001 and 2012). Although Nigeria and South Africa did not implement a majority of the recommendations, the case studies were included in the analysis to provide insight if any observed improvement was as a result of the APR recommendations or due to other determinants.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Slowing Down the Speed of Light

Slowing Down the Speed of Light STOPPING LIGHT IN  ITS TRACKS Noorul Husna Binti Safian Sauri Abstract Introduction The fact that speed of light which is very fast can be slowed down and stopped when there is change in refractive index. Stopped light achieved when the optical pulses are trapped in some material such as in the experiment which have been done by G. Heinze et al.[1]. In that experiment, the optical pulses was stopped in cooled Pr3+:Y2SiO5 crystal up to 20 µs. Then slow light can be obtained by measured the decrease in group velocity. A.V Turukhin et al.[2] done the experiment to observed the ultraslow light. As a result from their experiment, a 45ms-1 speed of light were observed. The group velocity, is defined as vg(w) = c / n(w) and from the equation ng(w) = n(w) + w dn (w)/dw , it showed the slow light can be obtained from the variation of refractive index and the dispersion of the material. Furthermore, when , the group velocity can be highly reduced in material. So in order to achieve the slow light, material with higher dispersion is needed. However, in this situation a strong absorptions have become a big obstacle. It is because of the fact that higher dispersion gives a higher absorption and lead to a bad data transmission. Technique of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) introduced by researchers give the best solution for the strong absorptions although the EIT does not give 100% transmission. At the same time, EIT give additional advantages in order to slowed down and stopped the fast speed optical pulses. A solid-state medium is more preferred in many applications of slow light because it has special properties. In solid- state medium, atomic diffusion is not being present, so it allow longer times for optical pulses storage. The slow light techniques play important role in numerous applications for example in optical- communication system. Theoretical background The condition of vg Where E is electric field and ω is angular frequency propagating through a medium. Then the phase of this wave is given by : The points of constant phase will move in a velocity of where k is a wavenumber. Then used the relation of the phase velocity become . n from the equation is refer to a refrective index and c is the velocity of light in a vacuum. When the field is not considered as monochromatic, that velocity is defined as a group velocity and this velocity shows the propagation rate of changes in amplitude. Mathematically, group velocity is given by : Group velocity also can be defined as velocity at which energy or information is transmitted along a wave. Noticed that group index is then From equation (6), the group index depends on dispersion and slow light can be obtained by making the large. Professor Jakob Khanin and Olga Kocharovskaya were the first physicists that introduced the theory of EIT. EIT is a phenomenon of quantum optics which permits an opaque medium to be transparent to the optical light wave while still keeping the strong dispersion needed to generate the slow light. Based on Figure 2, when a first light beam is applied to the opaque medium, the light beam is completely absorbed. Then, after a second light is applied to the opaque medium suddenly the medium become transparent. Figure 1: observation when the control beam is off and on The atoms experience a spontaneous process. When light beam comes in which it resonant with the frequency of the transitions, the atoms will excite to the higher energy level. This situation describes the normal absorption of light. Then, without any external radiation, the atom will decay spontaneously and end up in the lower state. These process depend on the number density of photon,. At first, I study the two level atomic system. From Einstein B coefficients, the transition probability up from ground state |1> to excited state |2> is B12 and from the Einstein A coefficient, the spontaneous transition down from excited state |2> to ground state of |1> is A21. When the light is shining in the system, the number N1 of atom at the state |1> must be equal with the population N2 of atoms in the state |2>. Then, the absorption in the system is said to be saturated which mean there is no absorption of light beam can be happen. This situation will not be able to make the phenomena of EIT from being happen. To make the two level system unbalance, another state is introduce by shining a second light. This is why three level atomic system is used in the EIT. Figure 2 : representation of absorption and spontaneous emission Figure 3 illustrates the three level atomic system interact by a control beam which is a strong optical field and a probe beam which is a weak optical field. The three level system is also called a à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚ §-system based on its shape. The atoms are consider to have a pair of lower energy states of |1> and |2>. The probe beam couples states |1> and |3> with frequency while the control beam couples states |2> and |3> with frequency . The two pathway interfere and cancel each other and then create a dark states polariton. Dark states means that there is no atoms will be promote to the excited state and then vanish the absorption of light. Figure 3 : representation of three level atomic system The expression of linear susceptibility spectrum explained the how the atomic ensemble respond to the strong resonant control beam and weak probe beam[4]. The expression is : Where be similar to the relaxation rate of the coherence, N is the total number of atoms in the sample, is the difference between the probe beam frequency and the frequency of the atomic transition (with = 0 show the frequency of the atom-field resonance), is the atom-field coupling constant, and lastly is the Rabi frequency of the control beam[]. Rabi frequency is defined as , where and E are correspond to the transition moment and electric field of the control beam[].From the susceptibility, the imaginary part, where is the transmission coefficient describes absorptive properties of the medium and L is the length of the medium. Then the real part of the susceptibility, showed the refractive index. Based on figure 4, the various ‘wiggles’ refractive index which is green line showed the behaviour of nonlinear when detuning the frequency. The strength of the dispersion which relate to the slow light is determined by the gradient of the refractive index and at the same time the sharp EIT exhibit the strong nonlinear dispersive behaviour. The sharp peak of the transmission line showed the ideal EIT take place at exact resonance ( ). ). The exact resonance condition achieved when the frequency difference between the two light beams accurately matches with the frequency separation between the two lower states of and .When the exact resonance condition is not achieved, the interference is not ideal the medium become absorbing[5]. Figure 5 represents the propagation of light in the EIT medium. At the beginning, the light pulse is outside the medium and all the atoms are in the ground states( |1>). The front edge of the light pulse then enters the medium and is quickly decelerated. The back edge of the light pulse propagates with vacuum speed c because it is still outside of the medium. Hence, upon entrance into the cell, the spatial extent of the light pulse is compressed by the ratio of , while its peak amplitude remains same. The energy of the light pulse is obviously much smaller when it is inside the medium. The photons are being expended to create the coherence between states of |1> and |2> , or in other words, to flip the atomic spins, with the excess energy carried away by the control field. Then, the wave of flipped spins now propagates together with the light pulse. The atoms are therefore strongly coupled to the photons which is in the light pulse, with an associated quasiparticle called a dark-state polarition[6]. The quasiparticle is a combination of photons and spins excitation. The spatial extent increases again when the light pulse exits the medium and then the atoms return back to their original ground state. However, a delayed of the whole light pulse occurred by where L is the length of the medium. In the dark-state polarition, when the control field is adiabatically switched off, the coupled excitation is converted into a pure atomic excitation, that is, the probe field is stopped[7]. Then, to retrieve the probe field, the control field is switched on. A storage time of more than a second were achieved in this way. Figure 4 : Spectrum of transmission and refractive index corresponding to EIT. This figure is taken from reference [4]. . Figure 4 : spatial compression occurred when the light beam enters the medium and at the same time the photons are changed into a atomic (spin excitation). This figure is taken from reference [5]. In the situation when the decay rate between state and is negligible, the propagation of probe field can be describe by the electric field operator, where the sum is over the free-space of photonic modes with wave vectors k and bosonic operator [8]. A collective atomic operators, averaged over small is used to describe the properties of the medium but at position z, macroscopic volumes containing particles [6]. Specifically, the operator is used to describes the polarization of atom oscillating at an optical frequency, whereas the operator decribes a low-frequency spin wave. Assumed that the control field is strong and it is treated classically. The atomic evolution is conducted by a set of Heisenberg equation which is , where is represent the atom-field interaction Hamiltonian and [8]. From these equations, the probe field is assuming to be weak and that and change in time slowly. To leading order in the probe field , find that The Heisenberg equation, described the evolution of the probe field. A new quantum field which is a superposition of photonics and spin-wave components is introduced in order to attained the solution for the equations (15),(16) and (17). Furthermore, the new quantum field, must obeys the equation of motion, The equation (21) describes a shape-preserving propagation with velocity which is proportional to the magnitude of its photonic component. Moreover, EIT is also related to the Stark effect and Zeeman effects[9]. Stark effects is the splitting of energy level due to the present of electric field while Zeeman effects is the splitting of energy level due to the present of magnetic field. If a volume is considered to be filled by a hydrogen atom and a DC field is applied to the volume, the state will splits into three states with specific energies. By follow the notation ,the states degenerates while the states is generates which the state mixes with the states. The states are : Disscussion In this section, I will disscuss about the implementation of EIT to observe the slow light and stopping.One of the technique used to induce transparency in opaque medium is â€Å"Coherent population trapping† or CPT. In CPT, the atoms are forced into a coherent superposition of Zeeman or hyperfine states that are strongly coupled to the light via Raman transition[10]. The definition of superposition state is the state which is stable against absorption from the radiation of electromagnetic field[]. Generally, CPT is more refer to the concept of two fields closely equal to the Rabi frequency. The experiment done by Alexander et al. [11] used the concept of CPT to observe the slow light in a hot rubidium atoms. The main idea in the experiment is to obtain the narrow EIT resonance. Currently, the quantum mechanics is used for a fundamental of communication and computation. To carry out these ideas, information should be encoded in delicate quantum states, like a single-photon states, and then manipulated without being destroyed. It is fact that photons are the fastest and be a simplest carriers of quantum information. However, they are not easy to localize and process. EIT has already had a large impact on the field of optical science. One of the potential application is used in optical buffering for the optical communication. From figure , there is an switch in optical router. The switch can only deal with one data packet at a time [10]. So if two data packet arrive at the same time, the collision of data packet will occur and the overall flow of the data packet will be slow down. Furthermore, the information carried by the two data packet will be loss. To avoid these problems, a slow light medium is activated in one of the branches in order to delay the velocity of data packet. As a result, the flow of information will be speed up because no collision between two data packet happened. References [1] G. Heinze, a. Rudolf, F. Beil, and T. Halfmann, â€Å"Storage of images in atomic coherences in a rare-earth-ion-doped solid,† Phys. Rev. A, vol. 81, no. 1, p. 011401, Jan. 2010. [2] a. Turukhin, V. Sudarshanam, M. Shahriar, J. Musser, B. Ham, and P. Hemmer, â€Å"Observation of Ultraslow and Stored Light Pulses in a Solid,† Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 88, no. 2, p. 023602, Dec. 2001. [3] L. Hau, S. Harris, Z. Dutton, and C. Behroozi, â€Å"Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold atomic gas,† Nature, vol. 397, no. February, pp. 594–598, 1999. [4] M. D. Lukin, â€Å"Colloquiumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Trapping and manipulating photon states,† vol. 75, no. April, 2003. [5] M. Lukin and A. ImamoÄÅ ¸lu, â€Å"Controlling photons using electromagnetically induced transparency,† Nature, pp. 273–276, 2001. [6] M. Fleischhauer and M. Lukin, â€Å"Dark-State Polaritons in Electromagnetically Induced Transparency,† Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 84, no. 22, pp. 5094–5097, May 2000. [7] T. Chanelià ¨re, D. N. Matsukevich, S. D. Jenkins, S.-Y. Lan, T. a B. Kennedy, and a Kuzmich, â€Å"Storage and retrieval of single photons transmitted between remote quantum memories.,† Nature, vol. 438, no. 7069, pp. 833–6, Dec. 2005. [8] a Andrà ©, M. D. Eisaman, R. L. Walsworth, a S. Zibrov, and M. D. Lukin, â€Å"Quantum control of light using electromagnetically induced transparency,† J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys., vol. 38, no. 9, pp. S589–S604, May 2005. [9] S. Virally, â€Å"A Review of Slow Light Physics and Its Applications,† Ec. Polytech. Montr eal, pp. 82–90, 2008. [10] D. Phillips, a. Fleischhauer, a. Mair, R. Walsworth, and M. Lukin, â€Å"Storage of Light in Atomic Vapor,† Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 783–786, Jan. 2001. [11] M. Kash, V. Sautenkov, A. Zibrov, L. Hollberg, G. Welch, M. Lukin, Y. Rostovtsev, E. Fry, and M. Scully, â€Å"Ultraslow Group Velocity and Enhanced Nonlinear Optical Effects in a Coherently Driven Hot Atomic Gas,† Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 82, no. 26, pp. 5229–5232, Jun. 1999. [12] A. L. G. Robert W. Boyd, Daniel J. Gauthier, â€Å"Applications of Slow Light in Telecommunications,† Opt. Photonics News, vol. 17, no. April, p. 18, 2006.

Monday, August 19, 2019

American Studies :: essays papers

American Studies American Studies can be a variety of different meanings to a lot of different authors. They are all pretty much on the same note, but with different alterations. For me, I believe that it is to make connections between the past and how it will impact the future. American Studies has transformed overtime. Each individual has their own beliefs and feelings of what it really means. In Gene Wise’s article he states how he is interested in how the field of American Studies has transformed overtime, what American Studies methodology is, and the types of questions that American Studies practitioners ask. I believe that there is no one way to understand America. For Gene, he begins to understand America by looking into the past. On the other hand, there was also the Linda Kerber essay that we had also read at the beginning of the semester. Kerber was saying in her article that there was something that was wrong with the myth and symbolist methodology. She also talked about how there are new approaches and diversity in the field and how it has altered the ways that American Studies practitioners write, teach, and learn. What interested me most in her article is how American Studies was quicker to welcome women and ethnic studies. I believe the answer to this is simply that the women represent a larger group and they are more out spoken. Kerber also saw a great deal of chauvinism with the myth symbolist methodology, as well as this certain approach not looking for structures of power. She looked at points from all different sorts of angles and would then analyze them. Kerber would always have a valid answer and would really go into great detail in her article so that it was easy to pick up the information. These two articles were very much related, but at the same time they were very different. This leads into the past and current methodological approaches in studying American culture and what different authors have to say. â€Å"The methodology of early American Studies practitioners in the 30s, 40s, and 50s was named the symbol myth school approach. They came up with a set of assumptions that would guide those working in the field. 1. There is one homogenous mind 2. The American mind is distinguished by its place in the New World-which makes Americans idealistic, individualist, and pragmatic Europeans by contrast, were tragic in temper and corrupted by old world assumptions

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Lady Macbeth is the True villain :: Macbeth essays

Lady Macbeth is the True villain In the Shakespearian play 'Macbeth', it seems to be that every one thinks that Macbeth is the villain. But in actual fact Lady Macbeth is the villain. Lady Macbeth uses her cunning and deceptive skills to over power Macbeth into killing King Duncan. When Lady Macbeth receives the letter telling her about the witches' prophecies, she immediately thinks that she and Macbeth will have to kill King Duncan. She calls Macbeth to kind to kill King Duncan and saying that "Is to ful o' the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way" Lady Macbeth- Act 1 scene V. Lady Macbeth knows that King Duncan must be killed for Macbeth to become king, lady Macbeth fells to feminine to be implicated in this genocide so she goes and asks the gods to fill her with ruthlessness and hate but to still have the contraceptive powers to deceive a modest human being like Macbeth. "Come, you spirits that tend on moral thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me, from the crown to the toe, Top-full of direst cruelty. Make thick my blood." Lady Macbeth- Act 1 scene V This passage shows Lady Macbeth asking the gods to fill her with all ruthlessness and hate to commit the killing of King Duncan but to have outer deceptive qualities to perceive other people like Macbeth himself. Lady Macbeth is getting very confused that Macbeth is refusing to kill King Duncan and she cannot commit the crime her self because evidently King Duncan resembles too much like her father. She fells that Macbeth is not a man and she ridicules and tries to persuade him to kill King Duncan by saying that he is not a man and that the only way to become a man is to kill the king (regicide). When Macbeth refuse to kill King Duncan he fells that it's the wrong thing to do and he wont be able to live with the guilt and he though to him self "why kill some one that has been good so good to me?" Macbeth is torn to the part where his wife's love is more important to him than committing terrible crime. Lady Macbeth is the True villain :: Macbeth essays Lady Macbeth is the True villain In the Shakespearian play 'Macbeth', it seems to be that every one thinks that Macbeth is the villain. But in actual fact Lady Macbeth is the villain. Lady Macbeth uses her cunning and deceptive skills to over power Macbeth into killing King Duncan. When Lady Macbeth receives the letter telling her about the witches' prophecies, she immediately thinks that she and Macbeth will have to kill King Duncan. She calls Macbeth to kind to kill King Duncan and saying that "Is to ful o' the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way" Lady Macbeth- Act 1 scene V. Lady Macbeth knows that King Duncan must be killed for Macbeth to become king, lady Macbeth fells to feminine to be implicated in this genocide so she goes and asks the gods to fill her with ruthlessness and hate but to still have the contraceptive powers to deceive a modest human being like Macbeth. "Come, you spirits that tend on moral thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me, from the crown to the toe, Top-full of direst cruelty. Make thick my blood." Lady Macbeth- Act 1 scene V This passage shows Lady Macbeth asking the gods to fill her with all ruthlessness and hate to commit the killing of King Duncan but to have outer deceptive qualities to perceive other people like Macbeth himself. Lady Macbeth is getting very confused that Macbeth is refusing to kill King Duncan and she cannot commit the crime her self because evidently King Duncan resembles too much like her father. She fells that Macbeth is not a man and she ridicules and tries to persuade him to kill King Duncan by saying that he is not a man and that the only way to become a man is to kill the king (regicide). When Macbeth refuse to kill King Duncan he fells that it's the wrong thing to do and he wont be able to live with the guilt and he though to him self "why kill some one that has been good so good to me?" Macbeth is torn to the part where his wife's love is more important to him than committing terrible crime.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Binge Drinking on College Campuses

Alcohol on American campuses has become a serious issue.   According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, drinking among college students leads to about 1,400 deaths, 500,000 injuries and 600,000 assaults each year (Coin).In 2000, the total number of alcohol related deaths on college campuses was nearly 5,600, while in 1979 the total was more than 2,500 (McClintock), and the number of students who reported that they had driven while intoxicated rose from 2.3 million to 2.8 million (Hingson 260).   This statistic includes all college students, ages 18-24.   That means some of the people involved in these incidents were underage.   1 out of every 4 students drinks at a binge level (Simons 24).This reflects the direction that the youth of America, as a whole, has taken.   Part of the reason for this is that many college students do not know about the harmful effects of alcohol.   Although college drinking, historically, has been viewed by many as a rela tively innocent rite of passage, there is evidence that it is a rite that too often results in negative consequences for drinkers such as poor academic performance, public misconduct, and health problems.Binge drinking is defined as having five or more drinks for men, and for or more drinks for women (Jennison 660).   After putting these numbers in a blood alcohol estimator, the average male, about 165 lbs, would have a BAC of approximately .09.   This is legally intoxicated in all states.   These numbers were achieved using beer as the type of alcohol.   Had it been hard liquor, the number would have been higher.   At this level of intoxication, all motor skills and judgment are affected adversely, leading to bad decisions as well as the physical inability to handle oneself.The negative short term affects of excessive drinking are numerous.   Impaired vision, judgment, and speech are among the first and most obvious symptoms of drunkenness.   Also, nausea, vomiting, d ehydration, and headaches are among the most common symptoms the next day, commonly referred to as a â€Å"hang over.†The main problem with these short term affects is the impaired judgment and motor skills.   When people are drunk, they can get very emotional, and this often leads to physical altercations.   More than 600,000 students reported being assaulted by someone who was under the influence of alcohol and more than 500,000 reported being injured while intoxicated (Hingson 261).   It is a fact: people have trouble controlling both their words and their actions while they are drunk, and this often leads to injuring themselves or the people around them.There are also many long term affects.   Liver disease, brain damage, and ulcers are the most common among the many effects that slowly tear away at the human body (Jennison 672).   It can also lead to impotence in men, birthing problems in women, added risk of breast cancer, and muscle deterioration (Hingson 268 ).   These are all very serious problems, and for the most part, most college students have no clue about the long term consequences of their binge drinking (Donahue 20).Next, we must understand the reason students drink in college.   Much of the drinking occurs at parties and revolves around drinking games.   These are social games designed to bring different groups of people together, and the rules of participation ensure heavy drinking (Simons 24).   Various games include beer-pong, Beirut, F**k the dealer, asshole, and quarters, among others.The general rules in these games ensure that both winners and losers will drink, with the losers drinking dangerous amounts.   Most people engage in these games as a way to meet new people, while some get involved just to drink.   Another reason many males start these games is to get girls involved.They know that alcohol makes people make decisions they wouldn’t usually make and they hope this leads to the girls being easi er.   It is a fact that alcohol loosens ones inhibitions, so many new friends can be met in one night at a party by a typically shy person if he/she decides to drink.   Also, many students are pressured into drinking by friends, but as they have never drank alcohol before, they do not know their limits, and this is often what leads to the biggest problems.Many first time drinkers have wound up â€Å"passed out† somewhere due to involvement in drinking games (Simons 27).

Liubov Popova Essay

Liubov Popova completed The Pianist in 1915. Through a combination of styles Popova created this painting using Cubo-Futurism, a synthetic style painting developed in Russia around 1910 (Boguslawski). She displays great poise by painting a large composition based on an abstract pattern of arched and straight planes. This is a representational composition of a pianist, piano keys, and sheet music. This painting, with its modern essence, catches the collective application of art and technology to the study of music. As an abstract painting of a pianist, Popova changed the natural features in order to emphasize and reveal certain aspects of the performer. The rhythm of visual elements in this painting gives continuity and flow that leads the eyes in a left-to-right direction. Fluid, curving lines cut through the angled shapes suggesting motion across the keyboard. The patterned, recurring alternations of contrasting organic and inorganic shapes create rhythm and time suggesting beat of the music the pianist is playing. The painting is composed to give a dynamic rhythm that gives it an uncharacteristic kind of unity. The space between the lines, forming shadows, gives three dimensional mass to the painting. The arrangement of this painting gives an almost up beat feeling yet the cool colors create a calming effect and offer comfort. Further, drama arises from the relationship of black and white tones and the textually rich surface she creates. One problem that arises while trying to study this paintings emotional power is that the emotional content of music is very subjective and the emotion created is dependent on the individual viewer.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Opportunity costs are other uses of resources Essay

The opportunity cost of any action is defined as the next best alternative to that action. The concept of opportunity costs explain that for every opportunity pursued, there is a cost associated with that opportunity. Every choice has a trade-off because one would usually give up something in favor of the first choice, given one’s limited resources. Limited resources imply scarcity, and a scarce resource used for one thing means that some other thing is foregone. Opportunity costs are usually assessed in terms of money, but it can also be considered in terms of anything that is deemed of value to the company, such as time, production or mechanical output, or any other kind of limited resource. The opportunity cost is usually the difference of value between the first choice and the alternative—for example, the difference between the actual performance of one’s current investment and some other desired investment is considered the opportunity cost of that investment. Another opportunity cost that should be considered includes the cost investing a company’s resources in new capital goods in lieu of its current production of consumer goods. Other kind of opportunities that would have associated opportunity costs include investing, supplying capital, purchasing goods, saving money, and specialization.

Thursday, August 15, 2019

New Public Health Measures

THE NEW PUBLIC HEALTH Stephen R Leeder 7 March 2005 James Cook University, Townsville Introduction All of us here today are public health enthusiasts. If we weren’t we would be somehwere else, maybe helping sick people to get better. That is a worthy calling and thank goodness for all the people who do it. But so too is prevention, so too is keeping society healthy, so too is protecting the environment, so too is keeping food and water safe, so too is attending to immunization and child health.When we talk about public health these latter things, that focus on the whole community, or groups within society and the things that determine their health, are what we are talking about. This is big picture stuff. This is about asking why some communities are healthy and some are ill. Why do some communities have such high rates of diabetes, like the Pacific Islands, while other countries have no diabetes but lots of HIV and TB? These are the kind of interests and enthusiasms that have led people into public health as a career for as long as it has been around.These are the kind of questions that were asked ages ago and which are still appropriate to be asked now. So what is this thing called the ‘new’ public health? How has it come about and does it have added value? In brief, the new public health has come about because of growing interest in the subtle interaction of the environment with people living in affluent societies. The old public health remains the public health that most of the world needs, quite frankly, because communicable disease, malnutrition and other scourges are still the major killers worldwide.These are more or less the same as those that led people in the fifteenth century to look at how things such as the plague and cholera could be controlled through sanitation, clean water and quarantine. The new public health But the new public health is much more concerned with the interplay between affluence, social well being, education and health, social capital and health. These are not hard and fast things, like having no system for waste water disposal or using contaminated drinking water. They are more subtle, but in societies like ours where the basic public health engineering and mmunization and food safety are well in place and require surveillance but not reinvention, these new factors – the social, economic and community quality factors – are rising in importance as determinants of health and causes of illness. 1 For example, Michael Marmot has done studies with Geoffrey Rose and others in the UK examining coronary disease rates among civil servants, known as the Whitehall studies. They found that things like a sense of social control and cohesiveness were important determinants of whether people develop coronary disease.Money wasn’t everything. In the Whitehall II study, Marmot (Director of the International Centre for Health and Society at the University College London) and his col leagues examined the psychological characteristic of work termed â€Å"low control† – meaning that an individual worker had little control over his or her daily activities in the workplace. The results showed that it was an important predictor of the risk of cardiovascular disease and that it had an important role in accounting for the social gradient in coronary disease. 1 The origins of the new public healthThe Canadians have been very active over many years in promoting our understanding about the interplay between society and social environmental factors and health. This started in 1974 when Marc Lalonde, who was then the Canadian health minister, commissioned a report on the health of Canadians which proposed four sets of factors that were important to keep in mind when thinking about the health of the public. The Lalonde Report2 refers to these four factors collectively as â€Å"The Health Field Concept†. The four elements are human biology, environment, l ifestyle and health care organization.The human biology element includes all those aspects of health, both physical and mental, which are developed within the human body as a consequence of the basic biology of man and the organic make-up of the individual. The environment category includes all those matters related to health which are external to the human body and over which the individual has little or no control (for example, foods, water supply, etc). The lifestyle category consists of the aggregation of decisions by individuals which affect their health and over which they more or less have control.The fourth category in the concept is health care organisation, which consists of the quantity, quality, arrangement, nature and relationships of people and resources in the provision of health care – the health care system. The Lalonde Report was ground breaking in its day and provoked widespread international interest. Implementation proved to be far harder than was expecte d and the resilience of the health-care system to drain resources away from the first three fields was spectacular.Nevertheless, Canada has had a more lively interest in the contribution of the first three fields to health and has preserved a degree of control over health care, including rigid enforcement of a restriction on numbers of doctors trained and practicing, ever since. Although perhaps not a direct consequence of the Lalonde Report, Canada has also 2 played a leading role in the evolution of health promotion as a discipline. Several of the leaders in the field, now nearly 30 years on from the Report, are Canadians.They have had a special sensitivity to the potential for health gain by examining not only what can be done to encourage and sustain changes in individual human behaviour that will contribute to better health, but also those changes that can be effected in the natural and built environment that can assist in achieving this goal. Health promotion and the new publi c health In Australia, the new public health has been reflected in the steady rise of health promotion, expressed such ways as the formation of the Australian Health Promotion Association.The Association’s major objectives include providing opportunities for members’ professional development, increasing public and professional awareness of the roles and functions of health promotion practitioners, and contributing to discussion, debate and decision making on health promotion policy and programs. Since its incorporation in 1990, the Health Promotion Association has grown and developed such that it now has an established function and a central place in Australia’s health promotion landscape.Health promotion is an active form of public health in which an agenda is set with communities and individuals to affirm positively the value of health and push towards high levels of health, seeing it rather as the WHO does as a positive state of well being and not simply the absence of illness. Health promotion uses a range of tactics and methods to achieve its ends, including community participation, development and skill strengthening, advocacy (where health professionals and others lobby for health to be taken seriously at political and commercial levels), and education.Something of a contrast has come to be drawn between the activist promotion end and the formal epidemiological end of the public health spectrum, the former hoeing in boots and all to effect change and the latter taking careful steps, using rigorous studies and statistics, to establish cause and effect relationships before acting. Both groups tend to drive one another nuts. This is a lively tension and not one that is likely to go away.Professor Fran Baum who is head of the Department of Public Health at Flinders University in Adelaide has written a book entitled The new public health: an Australian perspective, that I commend to you. In it the idea of the new public health is given e xtensive coverage. 3 Source: Baume, F (1988) The new public health: an Australian perspective The new public health overlaps and interacts with other health movements of the past decade – particularly health promotion, primary health care, community health, women’s health, Aboriginal health, workers’ health and health education. History of the new public health The new public health started to develop in the 1980s. It was in the mid-1980s that there was a significant shift in public health when the WHO’s first international conference on health promotion was held in Ottawa, Canada. There were two driving forces behind the Ottawa Charter. It was clear that the Health for All by the Year 2000 strategy was not being adopted by industrialised countries, and the limitations of the lifestyle and behavioural approaches were increasingly being seen as requiring a new conceptualization for health promotion.Also the time was opportune for a more health promotion st atement. The Ottawa Charter managed to integrate many of the different perspectives of health promotion. While being seen as the foundation of the new public health, it did not reject behavioural and lifestyle approaches, but saw them as part of the acquisition of personal skills for health. The Charter is based on the belief that health requires peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, social justice and equity as prerequisites. 4 Box 3. 1: The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 1986 The Development of healthy public policy, which recognises that most of the private and public sector policies that affect health lie outside the conventional concerns of health agencies. Rather they are in policies such as environmental protection legislation, progressive taxation, welfare, occupational health and safety legislation and enforcement, land rights legislation and control of the sale and distribution of substances such as alcohol and tobacco. Health becomes, therefor e, a concern and responsibility of each sector of government. The creation of supportive environments in which people can realise their full potential as healthy individuals. The Charter recognises the importance of social, economic and physical environmental factors in shaping people’s experiences of health. †¢ Strengthening community action refers to those activities that increase the ability of communities to achieve change in their physical environmental factors in shaping people’s experience of health. †¢ The development of personal skills acknowledges the role that behaviour and lifestyles plays in promoting health.The skills called for are those that enable people to make healthy choices. It also extends the skills base for health to those associated with community organisation, lobbying and advocacy, and the ability to analyse individual problems within a structural framework. †¢ Reorientation of health services is a call for health systems to sh ift their emphasis from (in most industrialised countries) an almost total concentration on hospital-based care and extensive technological diagnostic and intervention to a system that is community-based, more user-friendly and controlled, which focuses on health.The Ottawa Charter stresses the importance of, and recommends: †¢ Advocacy for health †¢ Enabling people to achieve their full health potential †¢ Mediation between different interests in society for the pursuit of health Source: Baume, F (1988) The new public health: an Australian perspective Following in the spirit of the Ottawa Charter, in 1986 the Better Health Commission (BHC), a group established by the then Commonwealth Minister for Health, Neal Blewett, published Looking Forward to Better Health. Its brief was to recommend ways in which health in Australia might be promoted, especially though ways that were 5 nconventional for the medical and public health professions. It was part of Australia’ s response to the World Health Organization’s commitment to achieve equitable levels of health for all people, according tot the political and economic possibilities of each country, by 2000. This report contained proposals for achieving greater equity in health in Australia together with strategies to address several major preventable contributors to death and disease. Task forces established goals and targets for three priority health topics: cardiovascular disease, nutrition and injury. In making these choices the Commission was concerned to identify not only big problems, but also problems potentially amenable to prevention. Heart disease, the principal cause of death, was also chosen because of its multiple modifiable causes (e. g. diet, smoking an sedentary living), nutrition because of its multiple consequences (e. g. diabetes, heart disease and cancer) and injury because it cannot be dealt with preventively by efforts confined to health care but must involve industry, transport, law enforcement and industrial relations.These three major health problems in contemporary Australian society are priorities for health promotion by virtually any criterion. The work of the BHC was taken further in the National Better Health Program and led to the formulation of national health goals and then national health priorities which remain in place today. By the end of the 1980s, despite success, there was some Australian scepticism about the new directions in public health. Some questioned whether the new public health was really ‘new’ or simply old ideas in new clothing.This criticism is somewhat harsh as one of the features of the Ottawa Charter is that it does not ignore public health history but rather builds on it. The Ottawa Charter reflected numerous social and health movements of the previous 120 or so years. Its claims to be ‘new’ derives from how it pulled together numerous and diverse movements to present a package which gav e public health a more radical and cohesive direction than had been the case for some time.Today, public health is alive and well and confronting in this country the challenges that it can assist ameliorate. We are an astonishingly healthy nation – on average. We have the second longest healthy life expectancy of all nations, a fraction behind Japan. But within our country we have communities including those of some of our Indigenous people where these privileged are far from being available. It is here that a combination of old and new public health measures is required.Good work is being done and more is needed. This is the mission of public health. 6 References 1. Marmot, M ‘Inequalities in Health’, The New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345(2):134-136 2. Lalonde, M (1974) A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians. Ottawa: National Ministry of Health and Welfare 3. Baume, F (1998) The new public health: an Australian perspective Publisher: Oxford Universi ty Press 4. Leeder S R (1999) Healthy Medicine, Challenges facing Australia’s health services Publisher: Allen & Unwin 7

Wednesday, August 14, 2019

An ethical decision that I had to make Essay

An ethical decision that I had to make in my personal life. Was to choose between getting in education or staying in this post secondary school for adults with disabilities. After being there for two years I have not seen any progress that. I had to choose to give up going to the school that I was comfortable in with not having to put forth much effort. So my mother asks me did I want to try college online since I was not accomplishing anything at the post secondary school. Well I was scared to try because of my educational background with me being disable not knowing if I would be able to achieve getting a college degree. Come to find that I could accomplish getting a college education like any one else I would just have to work twice as hard to achieve my goal. So now that I’m I my second year of college I feel so good about doing it I do not think twice I would do it again. I’m really happy that my mother had enough faith in me. If it was not for her I would not be my second year of college. Now I feel like I can accomplish anything that I put my mind to no matter anyone else says. I’m also looking forward not only to receiving my associates degree but my bachelors as well. Even though sometimes it is a struggle I still keep in the back of my mind that I can do it I made it this far so I can finish. As well as having my family there to support me as well. Another big impact for me is when I saw my mother graduated with her associate’s degree in business and finances. That made me so proud then I thought about this could be me in another year. Which also made me began to work much harder to reach my goal so I can be where she is. One of my values is to live for what’s right no matter what may be gained or lost.

Tuesday, August 13, 2019

Critically evaluate the literature relating to the role of coaching in Essay

Critically evaluate the literature relating to the role of coaching in developing leadership capabilities and reflect on your ab - Essay Example 12). As compared to other leadership techniques, coaching is more focused on improving employees’ learning (Lee, 2003, p. 60). Over the past few decades, the role of coaching in the study of leadership has developed to the extent that coaching has been considered one of the most significant components in the development of executive leadership. Using relevant theories, this report will focus on evaluating the literature behind the role of coaching in the development of effective leadership capabilities. Aside from appraising the characteristics of effective leaders, this report will critically review the role of coaches in the development of leadership characteristics by comparing the leadership approaches of different authors in terms of achieving these outcomes. Working as a part-time sales supervisor in one of the well-known insurance companies in UK, coaching leadership is important in terms of making me able to effectively facilitate a positive business outcome with my cl ients. Because of the importance of developing coaching leadership when managing a group of people (i.e. ... Since employees can be self-sufficient, improvements in the customer service quality is also possible. Leadership Leadership is often mistaken as a management skill. Despite the close similarities between leadership and management skills, there are still some clear differences between the two. In line with this, Winston and Patterson (2006, p. 7) explained that leadership is actually referring to the ability of the corporate leaders to â€Å"influence, select, equip, and train† employees in order to improve their existing skills and work performances aside from encouraging this group of people to be willing in participating in the guidance of the corporate leaders. By encouraging employees to work towards a single organizational goal, there is a higher chance for them to improve the overall work performance of the group. On the other hand, management skills are referring to the corporate managers’ ability to handle the actual business affairs (Merriam-Webster 2011). It is easy to appoint any person to be a corporate manager. However, not all corporate managers are good leaders. Corporate leadership is an important skill that managers should develop. According to van Maurik (1994, p. 121), a competitive corporate leader should have â€Å"wisdom, integrity, sensitivity, and tenacity (WITS)†. By having these special characteristics, a good leader will be able to develop and implement a clear organizational vision that can make managers easily make business decisions that are heavily based on facts. Given that leadership is a learnt and acquired skill, it is a wrong belief to think that â€Å"leaders are born leaders† (Cox 2010). As stated by Adair (2005, p. 7),

Monday, August 12, 2019

How Media Coverage of War Affects Presidents and Their Policy Making Research Paper

How Media Coverage of War Affects Presidents and Their Policy Making - Research Paper Example The media has played an enormous role in the war on terror. The intricate and detailed coverage of the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center were seen by the entire world and led to an extremely emotional response from the American people. The images were associated with terrorism and the knee jerk response of most Americans called for bombing anyone who was responsible for such a hideous act, thus forming the base for any violent response from the US government. This paper shall underline the importance of the media in the coverage and conduct of Warfare, how terrorist groups use the media to spread their message, how the media uses terrorists to further their objectives and the impact of these events on government policy matters. The importance of Media in the Coverage and Conduct of the War: The media has become an important factor in the war on terrorism. The war not only takes place in Afghanistan, but has repercussions for the millions of viewers witnessing the events first ha nd(Shpiro 2002). The 9/11 attacks have dramatically changed the perceptions of millions around the world on terrorism and perceived threats. Modern wars take place as much on TV screens as on the battlefield. Media coverage not only influences public opinion, it also has a lasting impact on national government policy decisions(Shpiro 2002). The technological enhancement that has taken place in the latter half of the 20th century and the 21st century has enabled the media to broadcast, report and inform the masses of what is happening on ground immediately after the occurrence of the event. While the events of the world wars could be censored, abandoned or edited significantly before they reached audiences, such actions are not possible with the advent of modern technology and the race for ratings between media outlets that demands immediate coverage. An important impact of the increase in the influence of media is that military operations have significant elements of media policy. T he speed of the coverage of events means that policy decisions regarding the media need to be made ahead of the event. These policies are the ways in which the military and political leadership handle media aspects of conflicts. The range of these policies encompasses decisions on matters such as censorship, legal restrictions, abandonment of coverage, etc. This policy sets to further the political aims of warfare. Warfare media policies have been a subject of considerable research throughout the 20th century. These policies developed in several phases throughout the last three decades of the 20th century. Before the tremendous technological enhancements, governments sought to censor the flow of any form of information from the battlefields. Both of the world wars saw censorship and controlled coverage rule the flow of information. The purpose of this strategy was to identify the specific news that could be covered and avoid embarrassments. The media was also used for propaganda to justify government actions. The impact of the Vietnam War: The Vietnam War was the first major conflict that brought the bloodshed on the TV screens of the common man. The coverage of the war was very close to real time and Americans felt the pain that the people of Vietnam went through throughout the conflict. The policy set at the outset of the conflict sought to give journalists free access to the entire conflict. The policy was set without due consideration to the political repercussions of comprehensive

Sunday, August 11, 2019

Analysis of Accounts Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis of Accounts - Case Study Example This report presents an analysis of Margate plc’s financial performance in the past five years while comparing it with industry peer, Herne Bay Ltd. In addition to this, the report also presents an analysis of cash flows of the company during the past 2 years and at the same time states how financial ratio analysis may not be effective enough for presenting an accurate and useful financial analysis for analysts and investors. At the end of the report, conclusion and recommendations are presented for High Deen plc as far as investment in Margate plc is concerned. Financial Ratio Analysis Based on the information provided in relation to the financial performance of Margate plc in 2012 and 2011, following is an analysis of it performance through selected financial ratios. The financial ratios presented below also take into consideration the ratios determined for the company for the financial years 2010, 2009 and 2008. In addition to this, for conducting a comparative analysis of the company with its competitor, ratios for Herne Bay Ltd have also been determined for the years 2012 and 2011. Return on Capital Employed The return on capital employed for Margate plc increased in 2011 due to significant increase in the revenues but then in 2012 with a decline in revenue, the ratio declined. On the other hand, one other reason for this decline is increase in the total capital employed by the company, which ultimately reduced this ratio. However, while comparing Margate plc’s return on capital employed with the Herne Bay Ltd’s ROCE, it can be observed that the company has almost maintained its position in relation to its competitor (Peterson & Fabozzi, 2012; Jiambalvo, 2010; Helfert, 2001). Ratio Margate plc Herne Bay Ltd

Omnivore's dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Omnivore's dilemma - Essay Example However, the subject encompassing this model is controversial. Indeed, the practice has raised concerns that demand critical examination (Duram 123). Commercialized farming has destructed and polluted surroundings the consequences that the environment has suffered out of our wicked practices, which alter genuine farming. Therefore, there is need of restructuring the trend meaning that persons need to shun consuming non-organics and adopt organics to conserve the remains and prevent further harm. (Preserve the remaining non-organics to safeguard the environment) Efforts to non-organic farming initiated with introduction of chemicals in the practice to fight pests and weeds. The procedure reduced crops infestations substantially and successfully addressed the challenge of weeds. However, the practice has led to introduction of toxic residuals in the crops. Subsequently, the method engaged the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer. This idea appeared sustainable since the approach provided a method of utilizing human waste for fertilizer production. As such, cheaper fertilizers were accessible hence the productivity augmented (Harper & Aikaterini 288). However, studies have identified that residues from some of these fertilizers have detrimental effects on human health. Later advancements in the non-organic scheme led to introduction of technologies that incorporated hormones and antibiotics in farming procedures (Duram 145). The use of hormones meant hurrying crops and animals growth rate, an aspect that boosted productivity. Indeed, antibiot ics provide superb food preservation schemes. However, consuming antibiotic-preserved products meant introducing agents into our systems (Lockie 318). This is detrimental since antibiotics lead to resistances hence weakening the defense system. Recently, non-organic procedures have adopted a plan of irradiating products to eliminate any agents